The response to substandard and falsified medical products in francophone sub-Saharan African countries: weaknesses and opportunities.

Assuring the quality of medical products manufactured, imported or distributed in francophone sub-Saharan Africa remains a challenge, despite positive signals like the growing engagement in the benchmarking of regulatory authorities and -particularly- in the establishment of the African Medicines Agency. In this short report, we describe the existing activities to prevent, detect and respond to substandard and falsified products (SF) in this region, either through African multilateral organizations and initiatives led by the World Health Organization, or through the contribution of other stakeholders, such as local universities and procurement agencies. We underline that these emerging local stakeholders may play a pivotal role to guide and inform the national regulatory authorities about the prevalence and patterns of SF medical products, complementing the market surveillance and control, and building awareness of the importance of pharmaceutical quality assurance for public health.

Experiences and challenges of African traditional medicine: lessons from COVID-19 pandemic.

Management of COVID-19 in Africa is challenging due to limited resources, including the high cost of vaccines, diagnostics, medical devices and routine pharmaceuticals. These challenges, in addition to wide acceptability, have resulted in increased use of herbal medicines based on African traditional medicines (ATMs) by patients in Africa. This is in spite of the often-significant gaps in evidence regarding these traditional medicines as to their efficacy and safety for COVID-19. African scientists, with some support from their governments, and guidance from WHO and other bodies, are addressing this evidence gap, developing and testing herbal medicines based on ATMs to manage mild-to-moderate cases of COVID-19. Such efforts need further support to meet public health needs.

National action plan on antimicrobial resistance: An evaluation of implementation in the World Health Organization Africa region.

In line with global instruments, within the last five years, two-thirds of all countries in the WHO Africa Region (WHO AFR) have developed a National Action Plan (NAP) on Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR). We sought to evaluate progress made across the countries implementing NAP for effective response to AMR. A semi-structured survey tool was administered to obtain information from national focal persons on the implementation of strategic elements of NAP on AMR. This was followed by a Lessons Learnt Workshop in June 2019 at Douala, Cameroon, where focal persons made presentations on the country's progress. Later, a desktop review of the LLW report and other key documents was conducted. Countries in WHO AFR that have set up a national surveillance system and are enrolled into the WHO global antimicrobial resistance surveillance system have progressively increased to 30 (of 47 countries), of which 15 are already submitting surveillance data. Of the 20 countries at the Lessons Learnt Workshop, 14 have infection prevention and control (IPC) policies and functional healthcare facility IPC programs, 15 participate in the commemoration of the annual world hand hygiene days. Although almost all countries surveyed have national standard treatment guidelines, only five have incorporated the WHO AWaRe classification into the national essential medicines list. Fourteen of 20 countries have established an active/functional national secretariat/coordinating center for AMR. Discernible progress is being made on the implementation of NAP in WHO AFR region. Gaps identified in the strategic elements of action plans need to be filled for effective AMR control.

National action plan on antimicrobial resistance: An evaluation of implementation in the World Health Organization Africa region

In line with global instruments, within the last five years, two-thirds of all countries in the WHO Africa Region (WHO AFR) have developed a National Action Plan (NAP) on Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR). We sought to evaluate progress made across the countries implementing NAP for effective response to AMR. A semi-structured survey tool was administered to obtain information from national focal persons on the implementation of strategic elements of NAP on AMR. This was followed by a Lessons Learnt Workshop in June 2019 at Douala, Cameroon, where focal persons made presentations on the country's progress. Later, a desktop review of the LLW report and other key documents was conducted. Countries in WHO AFR that have set up a national surveillance system and are enrolled into the WHO global antimicrobial resistance surveillance system have progressively increased to 30 (of 47 countries), of which 15 are already submitting surveillance data. Of the 20 countries at the Lessons Learnt Workshop, 14 have infection prevention and control (IPC) policies and functional healthcare facility IPC programs, 15 participate in the commemoration of the annual world hand hygiene days. Although almost all countries surveyed have national standard treatment guidelines, only five have incorporated the WHO AWaRe classification into the national essential medicines list. Fourteen of 20 countries have established an active/functional national secretariat/coordinating center for AMR. Discernible progress is being made on the implementation of NAP in WHO AFR region. Gaps identified in the strategic elements of action plans need to be filled for effective AMR control.

The role of intellectual property rights on access to medicines in the WHO African region: 25 years after the TRIPS agreement.

BACKGROUND: It is now 25 years since the adoption of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) and the same concerns raised during its negotiations such as high prices of medicines, market exclusivity and delayed market entry for generics remain relevant as highlighted recently by the Ebola and COVID-19 pandemics. The World Health Organization's (WHO) mandate to work on the interface between intellectual property, innovation and access to medicine has been continually reinforced and extended to include providing support to countries on the implementation of TRIPS flexibilities in collaboration with stakeholders. This study analyses the role of intellectual property on access to medicines in the African Region. METHODS: We analyze patent data from the African Regional Intellectual Property Organization (ARIPO) and Organisation Africaine de la Propriété Intellectuelle (OAPI) to provide a situational analysis of patenting activity and trends. We also review legislation to assess how TRIPS flexibilities are implemented in countries. RESULTS: Patenting was low for African countries. Only South Africa and Cameroon appeared in the list of top ten originator countries for ARIPO and OAPI respectively. Main diseases covered by African patents were HIV/AIDS, cardiovascular diseases, cancers and tumors. Majority countries have legislation allowing for compulsory licensing and parallel importation of medicines, while the least legislated flexibilities were explicit exemption of pharmaceutical products from patentable subject matter, new or second use of patented pharmaceutical products, imposition of limits to patent term extension and test data protection. Thirty-nine countries have applied TRIPS flexibilities, with the most common being compulsory licensing and least developed country transition provisions. CONCLUSIONS: Opportunities exist for WHO to work with ARIPO and OAPI to support countries in reviewing their legislation to be more responsive to public health needs.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on blood supply and demand in the WHO African Region.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affected millions of people worldwide and caused disruptions at the global level including in healthcare provision. Countries of the WHO African region have put in place measures for the COVID-19 pandemic containment that may adversely affect blood system activities and subsequently reduce the supply and demand of blood and blood components. This study aims to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on blood supply and demand in the WHO African Region and propose measures to address the challenges faced by countries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A survey questionnaire was sent to all 47 countries in the WHO African Region to collect information on blood supply and demand for the first 5 months of 2019 and 2020, respectively, and on COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma therapy in September 2020. RESULTS: Thirty-seven countries provided responses. The total number of blood donations dropped in 32 countries while it increased in five countries. The proportion of blood drives also decreased in 21 countries and increased in nine countries. The blood requested and issued for transfusion decreased for blood demand and for blood issued for transfusion in 30 countries. Ten countries reported some activities of convalescent plasma. However, very few units of this product collected have been transfused to COVID-19 patients. CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a reduction of blood related activities in the region, including the supply and demand. Countries preparedness plans for health emergencies need more emphasis to maintaining blood stock.

Prevention, Detection and Response to incidences of substandard and falsified medical products in the Member States of the Southern African Development Community.

BACKGROUND: Medical products are an integral and pivotal part of health care delivery. They need to be available, affordable and quality-assured. The SADC region is prone to threats arising from the availability and use of substandard and falsified (SF) medical products. This is something that needs to be actively addressed. METHOD: A survey, constructed around four themes, was carried out between September 2018 and January 2019. The National Medicines Regulatory Authorities (NMRAs) of the 16 Member States within the SADC region were asked to respond to the survey questionnaire. The objective was to map existing fameworks, mechanisms and approaches to prevention, detection and response (PDR) to SF medical products. RESULTS: Responses were received from twelve out of the sixteen NMRAs. Only three of the twelve respondents had included elements for PDR for SF medical products in their national medicine policies. Regardless of the status in terms of policies, legislation is however in place for the majority of NMRAs. The mandate for regular sampling, an important detection mechanism, was enshrined in the legislation of nine of the twelve respondents. In terms of response mechanisms, six of the respondents had both inter-agency and intra-agency co-ordination for responding to SF products. CONCLUSION: Though findings point to some deficiencies in terms of policies and implementation plans, the majority of countries have the mandate and legislation to deal with substandard and falsified medical products. Effective enforcement requires more investments into human resources, infrastructure, stakeholder coordination and public outreach. WHO has an important source of actionable information about incidience of substandard and falsified medical products. It needs to be leveraged to improve outreach to stakeholders and to raise awareness about SF problem and mechanisms available to address it. The extent, to which mechanisms and procedures are in place, varies. Some elements of the desired approach exist in the region; however, they will benefit from targeted strengthening to ensure a holistic approach across 12 action areas recommended by WHO.

A review of policies and programmes for human organ and tissue donations and transplantations, WHO African Region.

Several resolutions, endorsed by the World Health Assembly and the United Nations General Assembly, articulate the need to improve the availability, quality and safety of organ and tissue donation and transplantation, as well as to prevent and combat trafficking in human organs. Here we assessed the implementation of these resolutions pertaining to organ and tissue donations and transplantations by sending out a questionnaire to all 47 countries in the World Health Organization African Region. From 33 countries that provided data, we identified several obstacles and challenges. Compared to other regions, there are very limited data on organ donation and transplantation. Most countries are lacking legal and regulatory frameworks, since they did not yet establish a specific or comprehensive legislation covering donation and transplantation of human organs and tissues. Countries also have a poor national capacity to perform organ and tissue transplantations and the organization and management of national programmes are weak. Funding, both from domestic and external sources, is insufficient to implement effective transplantations programmes and patients have inadequate financial protection. To address these challenges, we propose that countries and partners should develop and implement policies, strategies, plans and regulatory frameworks for all aspects of organ and tissue donations and transplantations, including fighting against organ trafficking and transplant tourism. Where donation and transplantation programmes exist, stakeholders should develop the skills of human resources, adopt technical standards and quality management procedures to improve donation and transplantation of human organs and tissues.

De nombreuses résolutions approuvées par l'Assemblée mondiale de la Santé et l'Assemblée générale des Nations Unies ont souligné le besoin d'améliorer la disponibilité, la qualité et la sécurité des dons et de transplantations d'organes et de tissus humains, de même que celui d'assurer la prévention et la lutte contre le trafic d'organes. Dans ce document, nous avons étudié la mise en œuvre de ces résolutions relatives aux dons et transplantations d'organes et de tissus, par le biais d'un questionnaire envoyé aux 47 pays appartenant à la région Afrique de l'Organisation mondiale de la Santé. Nous avons identifié de nombreux obstacles et défis dans les 33 pays qui nous ont transmis des données. Par rapport à d'autres régions, il existe très peu d'informations à ce propos. La plupart des pays ne possèdent pas de cadres juridiques et réglementaires car ils n'ont pas encore établi de législation spécifique ou exhaustive couvrant les dons et transplantations d'organes et de tissus. Certains manquent également de moyens au niveau national pour réaliser des greffes d'organes et de tissus, tandis que leur organisation et leur gestion des programmes nationaux sont inadaptées. Tant les fonds provenant de l'intérieur que ceux fournis par l'extérieur ne permettent pas d'instaurer des programmes de transplantation efficaces. Enfin, les patients ne bénéficient pas d'une protection financière suffisante. Afin de pouvoir relever ces défis, nous proposons que ces pays et leurs partenaires développent et appliquent des politiques, stratégies, projets et règles pour tous les aspects liés aux dons et transplantations d'organes et de tissus, y compris la lutte contre le trafic d'organes et le tourisme de la transplantation. Et là où des programmes de dons et de transplantations existent, les intervenants devraient acquérir des compétences en ressources humaines, mais aussi adopter des normes techniques et des procédures de gestion de la qualité afin d'optimiser les dons et transplantations d'organes et de tissus.

Diversas resoluciones que la Asamblea Mundial de la Salud y la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas aprobaron articulan la necesidad de mejorar la disponibilidad, la calidad y la seguridad de la donación y el trasplante de tejidos y órganos, así como de prevenir y combatir el tráfico de órganos humanos. En el presente documento se evalúa la implementación de estas resoluciones relacionadas con la donación y el trasplante de tejidos y órganos por medio del envío de un cuestionario a los 47 países de la Región de África de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. De los 33 países que suministraron los datos, se identificaron varios obstáculos y desafíos. En comparación con otras regiones, existen muy pocos datos sobre la donación y el trasplante de órganos. La mayoría de los países carecen de marcos normativos y legales, ya que todavía no han establecido una legislación específica o integral que aborde la donación y el trasplante de tejidos y órganos humanos. Los países también tienen una capacidad nacional deficiente para realizar los trasplantes de tejidos y órganos, además de que la organización y la gestión de los programas nacionales son débiles. El financiamiento, tanto de fuentes nacionales como internacionales, es insuficiente para implementar programas de trasplantes efectivos y los pacientes tienen una protección financiera inadecuada. Para hacer frente a estos desafíos, se propone que los países y los socios elaboren e implementen políticas, estrategias, programas y marcos normativos de todos los aspectos de la donación y el trasplante de tejidos y órganos, incluida la lucha contra el tráfico de órganos y el turismo de trasplantes. Cuando existan programas de donación y trasplante, las partes interesadas deberían desarrollar las habilidades de los recursos humanos y adoptar estándares técnicos y procedimientos de gestión de calidad para mejorar la donación y el trasplante de tejidos y órganos humanos.

Towards universal health coverage: advancing the development and use of traditional medicines in Africa.

African traditional medicine (ATM) and traditional health practitioners (THPs) could make significant contributions to the attainment of universal health coverage (UHC). Consequently, the WHO provided technical tools to assist African countries to develop ATM as a significant component of healthcare. Many African countries adopted the WHO tools after appropriate modifications to advance research and development (R&D) of ATM. An analysis of the extent of this development was undertaken through a survey of 47 countries in the WHO African region. Results show impressive advances in R&D of ATM, the collaboration between THP and conventional health practitioners, quality assurance as well as regulation, registration and THP integration into the national health systems. We highlight the various ways investment in the R&D of ATM can impact on policy, practice and the three themes of UHC. We underscore the need for frameworks for fair and equitable sharing of all benefits arising from the R&D of ATM products involving all the stakeholders. We argue for further investment in ATM as a complement to conventional medicine to promote attainment of the objectives of UHC.

Blood Safety Status in WHO African Region Countries: Lessons Learnt from Mauritius.

In 2001, the WHO Office for Africa adopted a strategy for blood safety defining four targets. This paper describes the progress made by Mauritius in the implementation of this strategy. The blood safety indicators were collected and compared with the norms recommended by WHO. The country has formulated its blood policy and developed a strategic plan for its implementation since 2004. The total number of blood donations increased from 31,228 in 2002 to 43,742 in 2016, giving an annual blood collection rate evolving from 26.3 per 1000 inhabitants in 2002 to 34.2 per 1000 inhabitants in 2016. The percentage of voluntary donations rose from 60% to 82.5%. Since 2002, all the blood units collected have been tested for the mandatory infectious markers. The Blood Transfusion Service has been certified ISO2008-9001 and nucleic acid testing has been introduced. The preparation of blood components increased from 60% to 98.2%. The most transfused blood components were red cell concentrates, platelet concentrates, and fresh frozen plasma. In addition to transfusion activities, there were other departments performing antenatal serology, tissue typing, special investigations, and reagent preparation. Despite the progress made, some challenges remain, namely, legal framework and haemovigilance system. A regulatory system for blood needs to be established.

Prevention of mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission in Burkina Faso: evaluation of vertical transmission by PCR, molecular characterization of subtypes and determination of antiretroviral drugs resistance.

BACKGROUND: Vertical human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission is a public health problem in Burkina Faso. The main objective of this study on the prevention of mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission was to determine the residual risk of HIV transmission in infants born to mothers receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Moreover, we detect HIV antiretroviral (ARV) drug resistance among mother-infant pairs and identify subtypes and circulating recombinant forms (CRF) in Burkina Faso. DESIGN: In this study, 3,215 samples of pregnant women were analyzed for HIV using rapid tests. Vertical transmission was estimated by polymerase chain reaction in 6-month-old infants born to women who tested HIV positive. HIV-1 resistance to ARV, subtypes, and CRFs was determined through ViroSeq kit using the ABI PRISM 3,130 sequencer. RESULTS: In this study, 12.26% (394/3,215) of the pregnant women were diagnosed HIV positive. There was 0.52% (2/388) overall vertical transmission of HIV, with rates of 1.75% (2/114) among mothers under prophylaxis and 0.00% (0/274) for those under HAART. Genetic mutations were also isolated that induce resistance to ARV such as M184V, Y115F, K103N, Y181C, V179E, and G190A. There were subtypes and CRF of HIV-1 present, the most common being: CRF06_CPX (58.8%), CRF02_AG (35.3%), and subtype G (5.9%). CONCLUSIONS: ARV drugs reduce the residual rate of HIV vertical transmission. However, the virus has developed resistance to ARV, which could limit future therapeutic options when treatment is needed. Resistance to ARV therefore requires a permanent interaction between researchers, physicians, and pharmacists, to strengthen the network of monitoring and surveillance of drug resistance in Burkina Faso.

A variant of DC-SIGN gene promoter associated with resistance to HIV-1 in serodiscordant couples in Burkina Faso.

OBJECTIVE: To study the involvement of variations in 4 genes associated with susceptibility and/or protection against HIV-1 in serodiscordant couples in Burkina Faso, namely, genes encoding HLA-B57, interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1), dendritic cell-specific ICAM3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) and CCR5 delta 32 (CCR5Δ32). METHODS: Two DC-SIGN and two IRF1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as well as HLA-B57*01 and CCR5Δ32 alleles were genotyped in 51 serodiscordant couples in Burkina Faso. DC-SIGN, IRF1 and HLA-B57*01 genotyping was carried out by real time PCR using TaqMan assays (Applied Biosystems, USA and Sacace Biotechnologies, Italy). CCR5Δ32 deletion was investigated by PCR. RESULTS: The two SNPs of DC-SIGN promoter showed a significant genotypic difference in serodiscordant couples. After multivariate analysis, only the association between DC-SIGN rs2287886 and HIV-1 remained significant (P<0.01). No association was found between IRF1 SNPs and HIV-1 infection. CCR5Δ32 wild type allele was found in 100% of serodiscordant couples. A high frequency of HLA-B57*01 allele was found in the HIV-positive (78%) compared with HIV-negative group (51%), however this difference was no longer significant after the correction of the sex confounding effect in the logistic regression model. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests a protective role of a variation of DC-SIGN promoter and genetic resistance to HIV-1 in serodiscordant couples in Burkina Faso.

Chemical composition, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative activities of essential oils of plants from Burkina Faso.

This research highlights the chemical composition, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative activities of essential oils from leaves of Ocimum basilicum, Ocimum americanum, Hyptis spicigera, Lippia multiflora, Ageratum conyzoides, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Zingiber officinale. Essential oils were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-flame ionization detector. Major constituents were α-terpineol (59.78%) and ß-caryophyllene (10.54%) for Ocimum basilicum; 1, 8-cineol (31.22%), camphor (12.730%), α-pinene (6.87%) and trans α-bergamotene (5.32%) for Ocimum americanum; ß-caryophyllene (21%), α-pinene (20.11%), sabinene (10.26%), ß-pinene (9.22%) and α-phellandrene (7.03%) for Hyptis spicigera; p-cymene (25.27%), ß-caryophyllene (12.70%), thymol (11.88), γ-terpinene (9.17%) and thymyle acetate (7.64%) for Lippia multiflora; precocene (82.10%)for Ageratum conyzoides; eucalyptol (59.55%), α-pinene (9.17%) and limonene (8.76%) for Eucalyptus camaldulensis; arcurcumene (16.67%), camphene (12.70%), zingiberene (8.40%), ß-bisabolene (7.83%) and ß-sesquiphellandrène (5.34%) for Zingiber officinale. Antioxidant activities were examined using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) methods. O. basilicum and L. multiflora exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in DPPH and ABTS tests, respectively. Anti-inflammatory properties were evaluated by measuring the inhibition of lipoxygenase activity and essential oil of Z. officinale was the most active. Anti-proliferative effect was assayed by the measurement of MTT on LNCaP and PC-3 prostate cancer cell lines, and SF-763 and SF-767 glioblastoma cell lines. Essential oils from A. conyzoides and L. multiflora were the most active on LNCaP and PC-3 cell lines, respectively. The SF-767 glioblastoma cell line was the most sensitive to O. basilicum and L. multiflora EOs while essential oil of A. conyzoides showed the highest activity on SF-763 cells. Altogether these results justify the use of these plants in traditional medicine in Burkina Faso and open a new field of investigation in the characterization of the molecules involved in anti-proliferative processes.

Screening of Hepatitis G and Epstein-Barr Viruses Among Voluntary non Remunerated Blood Donors (VNRBD) in Burkina Faso, West Africa.

In most sub-Saharan countries screening of blood-transmitted infections includes mainly HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis. Many viruses such as Hepatitis G (HGV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) which also carry a risk of transmission by blood transfusion raise the question of the extent of screening for these pathogens. This work aims to evaluate the prevalence of HGV and EBV in first-time blood donors in Ouagadougou. The prevalence of HGV and EBV in 551 blood donors was 7.4% and 5.4% respectively. HGV prevalence was significantly higher in blood donors with hepatitis B antigens and positive for HCV compared to donors negative for HCV and no hepatitis B antigens (respectively p<0.001 and p=0.004). EBV prevalence was higher among blood donors of < 20 years age group. HBV and HCV positive individuals are not eligible for blood donation. This study shows significant results with regard to the prevalence of HGV and EBV prevalence in blood donors in Burkina Faso and emphasizes the need for a general screening.

Prevalence of HPV High-Risk Genotypes in Three Cohorts of Women in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso).

The development of cervical cancer is associated with high-risk Human papilloma viruses (HPV-HR). In sub-Saharan Africa cervical cancer is the most common cancer among women and the leading cause of death attributed to malignant tumors. This study aims to identify HPV genotypes within the 30'S and 50'S HPV families found in two previous studies from our laboratory, and to determine the prevalence of twelve HPV-HR genotypes in a population of women in Ouagadougou. The twelve HPV-HR genotypes were determined by real-time multiplex PCR, in 180 samples from the general population and among a group of HIV-1 infected women. The most common genotypes found were HPV-35 (29.4%) and HPV-31 (26.1%) of the 30'S family, and HPV-52 (29.4%) and HPV-58 (20.6%) of the 50'S family. Multiple infections of HPV-HR were observed in 78.03% of infected women. The frequencies of HPV genotypes from the 30'S and 50'S families were higher, while the genotypes HPV-16 and18 were lower among the women in our study.

Antiplasmodial and anti-inflammatory activities of Canthium henriquesianum (K. Schum), a plant used in traditional medicine in Burkina Faso.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Canthium henriquesianum (K. Schum) is traditionally used in Burkina Faso for the treatment of malaria, but has not been properly investigated, yet. The aim of this study was to characterize in vitro the antiplasmodial and the anti-inflammatory activity of extracts from Canthium henriquesianum (K. Schum). In parallel, extracts of Gardenia sokotensis (Hutch) and Vernonia colorata (Willd), also traditionally used together in Burkina Faso and already reported with antimalarial activity, were compared. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Plant extracts were tested in vitro for antimalarial activity against chloroquine susceptible (D10) and resistant (W2) strains of Plasmodium falciparum using the lactate dehydrogenase assay. Cell cytotoxicity was assessed on human dermal fibroblast (HDF) by the MTT assay. The selectivity index (SI) was used as the ratio of the activity against the parasites compared to the toxicity of the plant extract against HDF. In vitro cytokine production was assessed by ELISA technique. RESULTS: Canthium henriquesianum aqueous extract had a moderate antimalarial activity (IC50<50 µg/ml) with a good selectivity index (SI=HDF/D10>7). Canthium henriquesianum diisopropyl ether extract was the most potent inhibitor of parasite growth with an IC50 9.5 µg/ml on W2 and 8.8 µg/ml on D10 and limited toxicity (SI>2). Gardenia sokotensis and Vernonia colorata aqueous extracts were shown to be significantly less active (IC50≥50 µg/ml) with substantial toxicity. In addition, when the production of IL-1ß and TNFα by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or hemozoin (malaria pigment) stimulated human THP-1 monocytes was assayed, it was found that the extract of Canthium henriquesianum induced a dose-dependent inhibition of IL-1ß, but not of TNFα production, thus confirming its traditional use as antipyretic. By NMR analysis, the chromone was identified as the mostly represented compound in the diisopropyl ether extract of Canthium henriquesianum. Chromone however, was less active as antimalarial than the crude extract and it did not inhibit cytokine production at not toxic doses, indicating that other molecules in the total extracts contribute to the antiplasmodial and anti-inflammatory activity. CONCLUSION: Canthium henriquesianum seems to possess antimalarial activity in vitro and the ability to inhibit the production of the pyrogenic cytokine IL-1ß.

Enhancing the Role of Traditional Medicine in Health Systems: A Strategy for the African Region

In line with Resolution AFR/RC50/ R3 (Promoting the role of traditional medicine in health systems: A strategy for the African Region; 2000); Member States took steps between 2001 and 2012 to promote traditional medicine by developing national policies and regulatory frameworks and by implementing some priority interventions. By 2012; a total of 40 countries had national policies; 19 had strategic plans and there were 28 national research institutes that conducted research on traditional medicine products used for malaria; HIV/ AIDS; sickle-cell disease; diabetes and hypertension. In addition; seven countries included traditional medicine products into their national essential medicines lists (NEML) and nine adopted national frameworks for the protection of intellectual property rights and traditional medicine knowledge related to practices and products. Despite the progress made; countries continue to face challenges in implementing Resolution AFR/RC50/R3. This article introduces an updated strategy ( Regional Strategy on Promoting the Role of Traditional Medicine in Health Systems reproduced at the end of this article) that proposes key interventions to address these challenges and builds on the successful promotion of the positive aspects of traditional medicine in national health systems. The focus is on strengthening of stewardship and governance; the development and use of tools; the cultivation of medicinal plants and conservation of biological diversity; research and development; local production; the protection of intellectual property rights and traditional medicine knowledge; intersectoral coordination and capacity building